Naturalization and Citizenship

Naturalization is the legal process by which a non-citizen becomes a U.S. citizen. It grants individuals full rights and responsibilities, including voting, obtaining a U.S. passport, and protection from deportation.

What Is Naturalization?

Naturalization allows lawful permanent residents (green card holders) to become citizens after meeting specific residency, language, and civics requirements. It involves submitting an application, attending a biometrics appointment, passing a citizenship test, and completing an oath ceremony.

Basic Eligibility for Naturalization

To apply for naturalization, most applicants must:

• Be at least 18 years old
• Hold a green card for 5 years (or 3 years if married to a U.S. citizen)
• Have continuous residence and physical presence in the U.S.
• Demonstrate good moral character
• Pass English and U.S. history/civics tests
• Take the Oath of Allegiance

Exceptions and Accommodations

Some applicants may qualify for exemptions from English or civics tests based on age and length of permanent residency. Applicants with certain medical conditions may also receive accommodations during the naturalization process.

Citizenship Through Parents

Children may automatically acquire U.S. citizenship if their parents are U.S. citizens, either by birth or naturalization, and meet specific residency or legal status conditions. This is often referred to as "derivative" or "acquired" citizenship.

Benefits of U.S. Citizenship

Becoming a U.S. citizen offers several advantages:

• The right to vote in federal and state elections
• Eligibility for federal jobs and benefits
• Ability to sponsor more family members for green cards
• Protection from deportation
• Freedom to travel with a U.S. passport

Common Issues in Naturalization

Application Errors

Missing documents or inaccurate information can delay or lead to rejection. It's essential to complete Form N-400 carefully and honestly.

Criminal History

Certain criminal offenses or past immigration violations may impact eligibility. It's important to consult a legal professional if you have a criminal record.

Failure to Meet Residency Requirements

Applicants must show consistent U.S. residence and avoid long trips abroad that break their physical presence requirement.

With proper preparation and legal guidance, eligible green card holders can achieve the milestone of becoming a U.S. citizen through naturalization.